399 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
399 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
|
|
# G代码生成方案设计文档
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 一、CAM模块架构
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 1.1 整体架构
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
|
||
|
|
│ G代码生成系统 │
|
||
|
|
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
|
||
|
|
│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ 路径规划器 │ │ 刀具选择器 │ │ 后处理器 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 粗加工 │ │ • 刀具库 │ │ • Fanuc格式 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 精加工 │ │ • 切削参数 │ │ • Siemens格式 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 清角加工 │ │ • 寿命管理 │ │ • Haas格式 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
|
||
|
|
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
|
||
|
|
│ 加工策略层 │
|
||
|
|
│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ 型腔加工 │ │ 电极加工 │ │ 钻孔加工 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 等高线 │ │ • 铜电极 │ │ • 冷却孔 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 平行铣 │ │ • 石墨电极 │ │ • 顶针孔 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 螺旋铣 │ │ • 精密加工 │ │ • 螺丝孔 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
|
||
|
|
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
|
||
|
|
│ 几何处理层 │
|
||
|
|
│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ STL处理器 │ │ 网格优化器 │ │ 碰撞检测 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • STL导入 │ │ • 网格修复 │ │ • 刀具干涉 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 三角化 │ │ • 法线校正 │ │ • 机床限制 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ │ • 精度控制 │ │ • 简化优化 │ │ • 安全区域 │ │
|
||
|
|
│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
|
||
|
|
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 二、核心功能模块
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 2.1 路径规划器 (PathPlanner)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 粗加工策略
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class RoughingStrategy:
|
||
|
|
def adaptive_clearing(self, stock, tool):
|
||
|
|
"""自适应清根粗加工"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def pocket_milling(self, cavity, tool):
|
||
|
|
"""型腔铣削粗加工"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def rest_milling(self, previous_tool, current_tool):
|
||
|
|
"""残留区域加工"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 精加工策略
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class FinishingStrategy:
|
||
|
|
def contour_parallel(self, surface, stepover):
|
||
|
|
"""等高线精加工"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def spiral_milling(self, cavity, stepover):
|
||
|
|
"""螺旋精加工"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def pencil_milling(self, corners, tool):
|
||
|
|
"""清角精加工"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 2.2 刀具选择器 (ToolSelector)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 刀具库配置
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
# config/tool_library.py
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
TOOL_LIBRARY = {
|
||
|
|
"roughing_endmill_16mm": {
|
||
|
|
"type": "endmill",
|
||
|
|
"diameter": 16.0,
|
||
|
|
"flute_length": 50.0,
|
||
|
|
"shank_diameter": 16.0,
|
||
|
|
"cutting_edges": 4,
|
||
|
|
"material": "carbide",
|
||
|
|
"speeds_feeds": {
|
||
|
|
"cutting_speed": 120, # m/min
|
||
|
|
"feed_per_tooth": 0.15, # mm/tooth
|
||
|
|
"axial_depth": 8.0, # mm
|
||
|
|
"radial_depth": 12.0 # mm
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
"finishing_ballnose_6mm": {
|
||
|
|
"type": "ballnose",
|
||
|
|
"diameter": 6.0,
|
||
|
|
"flute_length": 25.0,
|
||
|
|
"cutting_edges": 2,
|
||
|
|
"material": "carbide",
|
||
|
|
"speeds_feeds": {
|
||
|
|
"cutting_speed": 150,
|
||
|
|
"feed_per_tooth": 0.08,
|
||
|
|
"axial_depth": 0.3,
|
||
|
|
"radial_depth": 0.5
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 自动刀具选择算法
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class AutoToolSelector:
|
||
|
|
def select_roughing_tool(self, cavity_volume, material):
|
||
|
|
"""根据型腔体积选择粗加工刀具"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def select_finishing_tool(self, surface_quality, corner_radius):
|
||
|
|
"""根据表面质量要求选择精加工刀具"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def optimize_tool_sequence(self, operations):
|
||
|
|
"""优化刀具使用顺序"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 2.3 后处理器 (PostProcessor)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 支持的数控系统
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
# config/post_processors.py
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
SUPPORTED_CONTROLLERS = {
|
||
|
|
"fanuc": {
|
||
|
|
"g_code_dialect": "fanuc",
|
||
|
|
"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
|
||
|
|
"tool_change": "M06",
|
||
|
|
"coolant": "M08/M09"
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
"siemens": {
|
||
|
|
"g_code_dialect": "sinumerik",
|
||
|
|
"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
|
||
|
|
"tool_change": "T... M06",
|
||
|
|
"coolant": "M08/M09"
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
"haas": {
|
||
|
|
"g_code_dialect": "haas",
|
||
|
|
"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
|
||
|
|
"tool_change": "M06",
|
||
|
|
"coolant": "M08/M09"
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
"heidenhain": {
|
||
|
|
"g_code_dialect": "heidenhain",
|
||
|
|
"circular_interpolation": "DR+",
|
||
|
|
"tool_change": "TOOL CALL",
|
||
|
|
"coolant": "M08/M09"
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 三、加工工艺流程
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 3.1 标准加工序列
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 型腔加工流程
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
PROCESS_SEQUENCE = [
|
||
|
|
# 阶段1: 粗加工
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
"operation": "roughing",
|
||
|
|
"tool": "roughing_endmill_16mm",
|
||
|
|
"strategy": "adaptive_clearing",
|
||
|
|
"stock_allowance": 0.5
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# 阶段2: 半精加工
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
"operation": "semi_finishing",
|
||
|
|
"tool": "endmill_10mm",
|
||
|
|
"strategy": "contour_parallel",
|
||
|
|
"stock_allowance": 0.1
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# 阶段3: 精加工
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
"operation": "finishing",
|
||
|
|
"tool": "ballnose_6mm",
|
||
|
|
"strategy": "spiral_milling",
|
||
|
|
"stepover": 0.3
|
||
|
|
},
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# 阶段4: 清角加工
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
"operation": "corner_cleaning",
|
||
|
|
"tool": "ballnose_3mm",
|
||
|
|
"strategy": "pencil_milling"
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 3.2 电极加工流程
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 铜电极加工
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
ELECTRODE_PROCESS = [
|
||
|
|
# 粗加工
|
||
|
|
{"tool": "endmill_8mm", "strategy": "roughing"},
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# 精加工
|
||
|
|
{"tool": "ballnose_3mm", "strategy": "finishing"},
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# 放电区域加工
|
||
|
|
{"tool": "ballnose_1mm", "strategy": "detail_milling"}
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 四、G代码格式规范
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 4.1 基本G代码结构
|
||
|
|
```gcode
|
||
|
|
% 程序开始
|
||
|
|
O1000 (模具型腔加工程序)
|
||
|
|
G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (安全初始化)
|
||
|
|
G54 (工件坐标系)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
(=== 粗加工 ===)
|
||
|
|
T01 M06 (换刀: 16mm端铣刀)
|
||
|
|
G43 H01 Z100.0 (刀具长度补偿)
|
||
|
|
S1800 M03 (主轴启动)
|
||
|
|
G00 X0 Y0 Z10.0 (快速定位)
|
||
|
|
M08 (冷却液开)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
G01 Z-5.0 F500 (下刀)
|
||
|
|
G01 X50.0 Y30.0 F800 (直线插补)
|
||
|
|
G02 X60.0 Y40.0 I10.0 J0.0 F600 (圆弧插补)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
(=== 精加工 ===)
|
||
|
|
T02 M06 (换刀: 6mm球头刀)
|
||
|
|
G43 H02 Z100.0
|
||
|
|
S3000 M03
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
(程序结束)
|
||
|
|
M09 (冷却液关)
|
||
|
|
M05 (主轴停)
|
||
|
|
G28 G91 Z0 (Z轴回零)
|
||
|
|
G28 G91 X0 Y0 (XY轴回零)
|
||
|
|
M30 (程序结束)
|
||
|
|
% 程序结束
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 4.2 加工参数计算
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#### 切削参数计算
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class CuttingParameters:
|
||
|
|
def calculate_spindle_speed(self, tool_diameter, cutting_speed):
|
||
|
|
"""计算主轴转速"""
|
||
|
|
# N = (1000 * Vc) / (π * D)
|
||
|
|
return (1000 * cutting_speed) / (math.pi * tool_diameter)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def calculate_feed_rate(self, spindle_speed, feed_per_tooth, teeth):
|
||
|
|
"""计算进给速率"""
|
||
|
|
# F = N * fz * z
|
||
|
|
return spindle_speed * feed_per_tooth * teeth
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def calculate_machining_time(self, toolpath_length, feed_rate):
|
||
|
|
"""估算加工时间"""
|
||
|
|
return toolpath_length / feed_rate * 60 # 分钟
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 五、碰撞检测与安全
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 5.1 碰撞检测算法
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class CollisionDetector:
|
||
|
|
def check_tool_holder_collision(self, toolpath, stock, tool_geometry):
|
||
|
|
"""检测刀柄碰撞"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def check_rapid_moves(self, rapid_paths, obstacles):
|
||
|
|
"""检测快速移动碰撞"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def verify_machine_limits(self, coordinates, machine_limits):
|
||
|
|
"""验证机床行程限制"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 5.2 安全策略
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
SAFETY_STRATEGIES = {
|
||
|
|
"retract_height": 10.0, # 抬刀高度
|
||
|
|
"safe_clearance": 5.0, # 安全距离
|
||
|
|
"max_feed_rate": 5000.0, # 最大进给速率
|
||
|
|
"max_spindle_speed": 24000.0, # 最大主轴转速
|
||
|
|
"emergency_stop_conditions": [
|
||
|
|
"tool_breakage",
|
||
|
|
"collision_detected",
|
||
|
|
"over_temperature"
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 六、仿真与验证
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 6.1 刀具路径仿真
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class ToolpathSimulator:
|
||
|
|
def visualize_toolpath(self, gcode_file):
|
||
|
|
"""可视化刀具路径"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def simulate_material_removal(self, toolpath, stock):
|
||
|
|
"""模拟材料去除"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def detect_gouging(self, toolpath, design_surface):
|
||
|
|
"""检测过切"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 6.2 加工质量分析
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class QualityAnalyzer:
|
||
|
|
def analyze_surface_roughness(self, toolpath, stepover):
|
||
|
|
"""分析表面粗糙度"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def check_dimensional_accuracy(self, simulated_part, design):
|
||
|
|
"""检查尺寸精度"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def estimate_tool_wear(self, cutting_length, material):
|
||
|
|
"""估算刀具磨损"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 七、文件输出格式
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 7.1 G代码文件结构
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
# src/core/gcode_writer.py
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
class GCodeWriter:
|
||
|
|
def write_program_header(self, program_number, program_name):
|
||
|
|
"""写入程序头"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def write_tool_change(self, tool_number, tool_description):
|
||
|
|
"""写入换刀指令"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def write_motion_commands(self, toolpath, feed_rate):
|
||
|
|
"""写入运动指令"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def write_program_footer(self):
|
||
|
|
"""写入程序尾"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 7.2 工艺文档输出
|
||
|
|
```python
|
||
|
|
class ProcessDocumentation:
|
||
|
|
def generate_setup_sheet(self, operations, tools, materials):
|
||
|
|
"""生成加工作业指导书"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def generate_tool_list(self, tools_used):
|
||
|
|
"""生成刀具清单"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def generate_inspection_report(self, quality_metrics):
|
||
|
|
"""生成检测报告"""
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 八、实施计划
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 8.1 第一阶段:基础路径生成(3-4周)
|
||
|
|
1. 实现STL几何导入和预处理
|
||
|
|
2. 开发基础粗精加工算法
|
||
|
|
3. 创建Fanuc格式后处理器
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 8.2 第二阶段:高级功能(4-5周)
|
||
|
|
1. 实现碰撞检测和安全策略
|
||
|
|
2. 开发刀具路径优化算法
|
||
|
|
3. 添加多轴加工支持
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 8.3 第三阶段:完善优化(2-3周)
|
||
|
|
1. 集成加工仿真功能
|
||
|
|
2. 优化性能和用户体验
|
||
|
|
3. 添加更多数控系统支持
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 九、技术选型
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 9.1 几何处理库
|
||
|
|
- **FreeCAD Path Workbench** - 开源CAM解决方案
|
||
|
|
- **PyCAM** - 纯Python CAM库
|
||
|
|
- **OpenCASCADE** - 几何内核,用于复杂运算
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 9.2 可视化库
|
||
|
|
- **PyVista** - 3D数据可视化
|
||
|
|
- **Matplotlib** - 2D图表和路径显示
|
||
|
|
- **Plotly** - 交互式3D可视化
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 9.3 数值计算
|
||
|
|
- **NumPy** - 数值计算基础
|
||
|
|
- **SciPy** - 科学计算和优化
|
||
|
|
- **OpenGL** - 实时3D渲染
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## 十、质量保证
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 10.1 测试策略
|
||
|
|
- **单元测试** - 每个算法模块单独测试
|
||
|
|
- **集成测试** - 完整加工流程测试
|
||
|
|
- **回归测试** - 确保新功能不破坏现有功能
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### 10.2 验证标准
|
||
|
|
- **G代码语法正确性** - 符合数控系统规范
|
||
|
|
- **加工安全性** - 无碰撞风险
|
||
|
|
- **加工质量** - 满足精度要求
|
||
|
|
- **加工效率** - 优化加工时间
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
---
|
||
|
|
*文档版本:v1.0*
|
||
|
|
*创建日期:2026-02-17*
|